What is the ACT? What does it measure? How reliable is it? How is it biased?
The ACT (American College Testing) is a standardized test used primarily for college admissions in the United States. It is designed to assess high school students’ academic readiness for college.
✅ What Does the ACT Measure?
The ACT tests knowledge and skills in five areas:
- English – grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, rhetorical skills.
- Mathematics – algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and data analysis.
- Reading – reading comprehension of prose passages.
- Science – interpretation, analysis, evaluation, reasoning, and problem-solving in natural sciences (not science knowledge per se).
- Optional Writing (Essay) – evaluates argumentative writing skills.
Scores range from 1 to 36 for each section, with a composite score averaging the four main sections (excluding writing).
🔍 How Reliable Is the ACT?
Reliability refers to how consistently a test measures what it claims to. The ACT is:
- Statistically reliable – It generally produces stable scores over multiple administrations for the same student.
- Standardized – Same structure, format, and scoring system across the country.
However, performance can still vary due to factors like test anxiety, preparation level, or external circumstances.
⚖️ How Is the ACT Biased?
Despite its standardization, the ACT has been criticized for several types of bias:
Socioeconomic Bias
- Students from wealthier backgrounds often have access to test prep, tutors, and multiple test attempts.
- Low-income students may take the test fewer times or lack access to resources.
Cultural Bias
- Some reading passages or questions may reflect cultural assumptions not familiar to all students, especially non-native English speakers or students from underrepresented backgrounds.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities
- On average, White and Asian American students tend to score higher than Black, Hispanic, and Native American students—a reflection of systemic inequalities in education rather than ability.
Test Format and Timing Bias
- The ACT is fast-paced. Students who are strong learners but need more time (e.g., students with processing disorders or ESL students) can be at a disadvantage, even with accommodations.
🧠 In Summary:
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Purpose | College admissions readiness test |
| Subjects Measured | English, Math, Reading, Science (+ optional Writing) |
| Score Range | 1–36 per section; composite score is average of 4 sections |
| Reliability | Generally high; consistent scoring |
| Bias Concerns | Socioeconomic, cultural, racial/ethnic, and pacing bias |